One Stop Shop For Reports One Stop Shop For Reports
  • All Reports
  • All Sectors
    • Chemicals & Materials
      • Advanced Materials
      • Bulk Chemicals
      • Coatings | Paints and Additives
      • Composites
      • Renewable | Speciality chemicals
    • Consumer Goods
      • Baby Products
      • Consumer Electronics
      • Consumer Packaging
      • Cosmetics & Personal Care
      • Homecare & Decor
      • Luxury & premium products
    • Energy and Power
      • Energy Efficiency and Conservation
      • Green | Renewable Energy
      • Non Renewable | Conventional Energy
      • Power Equipment and Devices
    • Life Science
      • Biotechnology
      • Diagnostics
      • Healthcare
      • Healthcare IT
      • Medical Devices & Supplies
      • Pharmaceuticals
    • Food and Beverage
      • Agriculture & Agri Products
      • Beverages
      • Food Ingredients
      • Food Services and Hospitality
      • Nutraceutical | Wellness Food
      • Processed & Frozen Foods
    • Automotive and Transportation
      • Automotive components
      • Automotive Logistics
      • Automotive systems and accessories
    • Information and Communications Technology
      • E Commerce and Outsourcing
      • Entertainment & Media
      • High Tech | Enterprise & Consumer IT
      • Information & Network Security
      • Mobility | Telecom & Wireless
      • Software and Services
    • Semiconductor and Electronics
      • Semiconductor Materials and Components
      • Display Technology
      • Electronics System and Components
      • Emerging technologies
      • Security and Surveillance
      • Sensors and Controls
    • Building and Construction
      • Construction Materials
      • HVAC
      • Residential Construction and Improvement
      • Roads & Highways
    • Manufacturing
      • Manufacturing Services
      • Heavy Manufacturing
      • Packaging
      • Engineering | Equipment and Machinery
  • Who Trust Us
  • [email protected]
  • +1 718 874 1545 (International)
  • +91 78878 22626 (Asia)

More Results

One Stop Shop For Reports One Stop Shop For Reports
  • All Reports
  • All Sectors
    • Chemicals & Materials
      • Advanced Materials
      • Bulk Chemicals
      • Coatings | Paints and Additives
      • Composites
      • Renewable | Speciality chemicals
    • Consumer Goods
      • Baby Products
      • Consumer Electronics
      • Consumer Packaging
      • Cosmetics & Personal Care
      • Homecare & Decor
      • Luxury & premium products
    • Energy and Power
      • Energy Efficiency and Conservation
      • Green | Renewable Energy
      • Non Renewable | Conventional Energy
      • Power Equipment and Devices
    • Life Science
      • Biotechnology
      • Diagnostics
      • Healthcare
      • Healthcare IT
      • Medical Devices & Supplies
      • Pharmaceuticals
    • Food and Beverage
      • Agriculture & Agri Products
      • Beverages
      • Food Ingredients
      • Food Services and Hospitality
      • Nutraceutical | Wellness Food
      • Processed & Frozen Foods
    • Automotive and Transportation
      • Automotive components
      • Automotive Logistics
      • Automotive systems and accessories
    • Information and Communications Technology
      • E Commerce and Outsourcing
      • Entertainment & Media
      • High Tech | Enterprise & Consumer IT
      • Information & Network Security
      • Mobility | Telecom & Wireless
      • Software and Services
    • Semiconductor and Electronics
      • Semiconductor Materials and Components
      • Display Technology
      • Electronics System and Components
      • Emerging technologies
      • Security and Surveillance
      • Sensors and Controls
    • Building and Construction
      • Construction Materials
      • HVAC
      • Residential Construction and Improvement
      • Roads & Highways
    • Manufacturing
      • Manufacturing Services
      • Heavy Manufacturing
      • Packaging
      • Engineering | Equipment and Machinery
  • Who Trust Us
Home ➤ Life Science ➤ Healthcare ➤ Chromatography Data Systems Market
Chromatography Data Systems Market
Chromatography Data Systems Market
Published date: June 2025 • Formats:
Request Sample Schedule a Call
  • Home ➤ Life Science ➤ Healthcare ➤ Chromatography Data Systems Market

Chromatography Data Systems Market By Product Type (Hardware, Software, and Services), By Technology (On-Premise, Cloud-Based, and Hybrid), By Application (Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Research, Academic Research, and Others), By End-user (Pharmaceutical Companies, Academic Institutions, Research Laboratories, and Contract Research Organizations), Region and Companies – Industry Segment Outlook, Market Assessment, Competition Scenario, Trends and Forecast 2025-2034

  • Published date: June 2025
  • Report ID: 150419
  • Number of Pages: 224
  • Format:
  • Overview
  • Table of Contents
  • Major Market Players
  • Request a Free Sample
  • Quick Navigation

    • Report Overview
    • Key Takeaways
    • Product Type Analysis
    • Technology Analysis
    • Application Analysis
    • End-user Analysis
    • Key Market Segments
    • Drivers
    • Restraints
    • Opportunities
    • Impact of Macroeconomic / Geopolitical Factors
    • Latest Trends
    • Regional Analysis
    • Key Players Analysis
    • Recent Developments
    • Report Scope

    Report Overview

    The Chromatography Data Systems Market size is expected to be worth around US$ 5.8 billion by 2034 from US$ 3.7 billion in 2024, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period 2025 to 2034.

    Chromatography Data Systems Market Size

    Increasing demand for accurate, real-time analytical data across pharmaceutical, clinical, and research environments drives significant growth in the chromatography data systems (CDS) market. These systems streamline laboratory workflows, enhance data integrity, and support regulatory compliance, making them indispensable for drug development, quality control, and bioanalytical testing.

    Growing emphasis on automation and digitalization in laboratories further accelerates CDS adoption, particularly in high-throughput environments. Industries rely on CDS for managing complex datasets, integrating chromatography instruments, and ensuring traceability throughout analytical processes. In pharmaceuticals, CDS optimizes chromatographic performance and enables faster drug approval cycles. Clinical research settings use these systems to ensure data precision and reproducibility, critical for diagnostics and biomarker validation.

    Academic institutions and contract research organizations also adopt CDS to manage diverse research portfolios efficiently. Recent trends show a clear shift toward cloud-based and hybrid deployment models, offering scalability and remote accessibility. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into CDS platforms presents new opportunities for predictive analytics and anomaly detection. In June 2021, Waters Corporation introduced the Waters Arc Premier System, a liquid chromatography platform designed to improve consistency, speed, and analyst confidence in deriving precise results.

    The launch reflects the market’s focus on enhancing data quality while reducing analytical variability. As laboratories pursue better efficiency and compliance, vendors continue to innovate with customizable, modular CDS solutions tailored to specific workflows. This evolving technological landscape, paired with increasing cross-industry applications, positions the chromatography data systems market for sustained expansion.

    Key Takeaways

    • In 2024, the market for chromatography data systems generated a revenue of US$ 3.7 billion, with a CAGR of 4.6%, and is expected to reach US$ 5.8 billion by the year 2034.
    • The product type segment is divided into hardware, software, and services, with software taking the lead in 2023 with a market share of 42.7%.
    • Considering technology, the market is divided into on-premise, cloud-based, and hybrid. Among these, on-premise held a significant share of 45.3%.
    • Furthermore, concerning the application segment, the market is segregated into pharmaceuticals, clinical research, academic research, and others. The pharmaceuticals sector stands out as the dominant player, holding the largest revenue share of 47.9% in the chromatography data systems market.
    • The end-user segment is segregated into pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, research laboratories, and contract research organizations, with the pharmaceutical companies segment leading the market, holding a revenue share of 43.8%.
    • North America led the market by securing a market share of 37.5% in 2023.

    Product Type Analysis

    The software segment claimed a market share of 42.7% owing to increasing demand for advanced data processing, automation, and regulatory compliance in chromatographic workflows. CDS software enables laboratories to manage complex chromatographic data, ensure data integrity, and streamline analytical reporting in line with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Labs increasingly adopt customizable software platforms that integrate with chromatography instruments, Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS), and electronic lab notebooks to enhance operational efficiency.

    Vendors continue to introduce software upgrades that support multi-user collaboration, real-time analytics, and remote access, meeting the evolving needs of both research and quality assurance settings. The growing need for automated audit trails and 21 CFR Part 11 compliance further fuels adoption. High-throughput labs prioritize software that reduces manual intervention and improves reproducibility in compound analysis. As digital transformation accelerates across life sciences and chemical industries, the software segment is projected to maintain strong growth due to its essential role in optimizing chromatographic operations.

    Technology Analysis

    The on-premise held a significant share of 45.3% due to its continued relevance in regulated environments that demand strict control over chromatographic data. Organizations involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical processing, and forensic testing favor on-premise chromatography data systems for their enhanced data security, infrastructure control, and real-time accessibility. These systems allow laboratories to comply with internal IT protocols and maintain sovereignty over sensitive chromatographic records without relying on external cloud networks.

    Facilities conducting GMP-regulated testing benefit from low-latency performance and streamlined validation procedures offered by on-premise deployments. Enterprises with existing server infrastructure often prefer on-premise CDS installations to support customization and maintain compatibility with legacy chromatographic instruments. The ability to function offline in restricted-access labs also adds value in highly secure environments. With continuous investments in IT modernization and heightened cybersecurity concerns, this segment is likely to remain dominant among large laboratories and compliance-driven industries during the forecast period.

    Chromatography Data Systems Market Share

    Application Analysis

    The pharmaceuticals segment had a tremendous growth rate, with a revenue share of 47.9% owing to rising investments in drug development and regulatory compliance. Companies in this space use CDS solutions to manage vast datasets, streamline analytical workflows, and maintain documentation aligned with GMP standards. The growing need for precision and reproducibility in compound analysis strengthens reliance on robust data systems.

    Automated audit trails and real-time reporting features help ensure regulatory transparency and faster decision-making. Increasing global clinical trial activity drives the use of chromatography in bioanalytical and pharmacokinetic studies. The industry also leverages these systems to monitor formulation stability and quality assurance across product pipelines. Integration with mass spectrometry and other laboratory instruments enhances operational efficiency.

    As pharmaceutical companies scale up research initiatives and manufacturing, they prioritize reliable software platforms to manage rising complexity. This segment is projected to expand steadily, supported by regulatory mandates and continuous product innovation tailored to drug discovery workflows.

    End-user Analysis

    The pharmaceutical companies segment grew at a substantial rate, generating a revenue portion of 43.8% due to the industry’s high dependence on analytical technologies for R&D and quality control. These organizations require data systems that ensure traceability, accuracy, and compliance with global regulatory frameworks.

    Demand rises as pharmaceutical manufacturers increase their focus on new drug pipelines and faster time-to-market. Companies adopt CDS to manage complex multi-site laboratory operations and reduce manual data entry errors. The need for secure and validated environments drives investments in advanced platforms that support audit readiness. Integration with existing enterprise systems improves operational efficiency and data visibility.

    As competition in the pharmaceutical sector intensifies, firms seek technological advantages to maintain quality standards and improve throughput. Rising outsourcing activities also push companies to centralize data across internal and external labs. With growing emphasis on regulatory adherence and scalable digital solutions, this segment is projected to remain dominant throughout the forecast period.

    Key Market Segments

    By Product Type

    • Hardware
    • Software
    • Services

    By Technology

    • On-Premise
    • Cloud-Based
    • Hybrid

    By Application

    • Pharmaceuticals
    • Clinical Research
    • Academic Research
    • Others

    By End-user

    • Pharmaceutical Companies
    • Academic Institutions
    • Research Laboratories
    • Contract Research Organizations

    Drivers

    Increasing Analytical Needs in Pharmaceutical Research is Driving the Market

    The rising demand for advanced analytical tools within pharmaceutical research significantly propels the chromatography data systems market. In the crucial process of drug development, scientists necessitate precise methodologies to dissect intricate compounds, ensuring both the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. Chromatography techniques play an indispensable role in this endeavor by separating and identifying the various components within a mixture, consequently generating substantial volumes of data that demand efficient management.

    Chromatography data systems directly address this need by offering a comprehensive solution encompassing data acquisition, in-depth analysis, and streamlined reporting. As pharmaceutical research delves into increasingly complex analyses, the imperative for dependable and sophisticated systems to manage and interpret chromatographic data continues its upward trajectory.

    According to a November 2023 report from the US National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), research and development expenditure by academic institutions in the US reached US$97.8 billion in fiscal year 2022, marking an US$8.0 billion increase from the preceding year, highlighting the intensified focus on research activities that necessitate advanced analytical tools. This escalating demand firmly establishes chromatography data systems as vital instruments in enhancing the accuracy and overall efficiency of pharmaceutical research and development endeavors.

    Restraints

    High Initial Investment Costs are Restraining the Market

    The significant upfront capital expenditure associated with implementing advanced chromatography data systems presents a notable restraint on the market’s expansion, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and academic institutions with constrained budgets. While these sophisticated systems offer enhanced capabilities in data acquisition, processing, and compliance, the initial outlay for both the software and the compatible hardware can be substantial.

    Furthermore, the ongoing costs related to system validation, maintenance, and the necessity for specialized personnel to operate and manage these complex systems add to the overall financial burden. This can make it challenging for organizations with limited financial resources to adopt the latest chromatography data system technologies, potentially slowing down the overall market growth.

    However, the increasing availability of cloud-based CDS solutions, which often involve lower upfront costs and subscription-based models, may alleviate some of these financial barriers and improve accessibility for a wider range of end-users.

    Opportunities

    Expanding Applications in Emerging Markets Create Growth Opportunities

    The market is anticipated to grow at a considerable rate due to the rapid expansion of the pharmaceutical and biologics sectors in countries like India and China. Increasing investments in healthcare infrastructure and a growing focus on stringent quality control measures in these emerging economies are driving the demand for advanced analytical instruments and their corresponding data management systems.

    For instance, the pharmaceutical market in China, the second largest globally, continues to experience substantial growth, with a focus on innovation and quality, necessitating sophisticated chromatography data systems for research, development, and quality assurance. This escalating demand in emerging markets presents significant opportunities for chromatography data system vendors to expand their market presence.

    Impact of Macroeconomic / Geopolitical Factors

    The global chromatography data systems market experiences influence from broad macroeconomic and geopolitical factors. Economic downturns can lead to budget constraints in research and development, potentially slowing down the adoption of new analytical technologies. Conversely, periods of economic growth often correlate with increased investment in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and environmental sectors, thereby driving the demand for advanced analytical tools and their associated data systems.

    Geopolitical tensions, such as trade disputes or political instability in certain regions, can disrupt supply chains for analytical instruments and software components, affecting market growth. However, a growing global emphasis on health and safety regulations, alongside increasing investments in scientific research across various nations, creates a positive backdrop for the chromatography data systems market, fostering innovation and expansion despite intermittent macroeconomic headwinds.

    The recent announcement of potential tariffs on imported semiconductor chips by the US administration could have implications for the chromatography data systems market. Semiconductor chips are integral components in many analytical instruments, including chromatography systems and their associated data systems. Increased tariffs on these components might lead to higher manufacturing costs for US-based chromatography equipment and software providers.

    According to a report from April 2025, total tariff measures could significantly increase costs for the pharmaceutical, life science, and medical device industries. This rise in costs for essential instruments could strain research budgets at both companies and universities, potentially affecting the adoption of new chromatography data systems. However, these tariffs might also incentivize domestic manufacturing of analytical instruments and components within the US, which could positively influence the long-term resilience of the domestic market, despite potential short-term cost increases.

    Latest Trends

    Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning is a Recent Trend

    A significant recent trend shaping the chromatography data systems market is the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. These advancements are transforming how chromatographic data is analyzed and interpreted, leading to smarter data processing and improved analytical outcomes. AI and ML algorithms can be employed to identify complex patterns in chromatograms, predict potential issues with separations, automate data analysis workflows, and enhance the overall efficiency of laboratory operations.

    For example, AI-powered software can assist in peak detection and integration, reducing the need for manual intervention and minimizing human error. Furthermore, ML techniques can be used to build predictive models for method development and optimization. As industries become more data-driven, the incorporation of AI and ML into chromatography data systems is expected to continue expanding, offering laboratories enhanced capabilities for data-driven decision-making and improved productivity.

    Regional Analysis

    North America is leading the Chromatography Data Systems Market

    North America dominated the market with the highest revenue share of 37.5% owing to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) expanded adoption of Waters Corporation’s Empower Chromatography Data Software and NuGenesis Laboratory Management Software across its field science laboratories. This strategic implementation enhanced the FDA’s medical product testing operations, underscoring the region’s commitment to integrating advanced data systems for regulatory compliance and quality assurance.

    The presence of major industry players, such as Thermo Fisher Scientific, Agilent Technologies, and Waters Corporation, further bolstered the market’s expansion through continuous innovation and product development. Moreover, the region’s emphasis on research and development, supported by substantial government investments, contributed to the sustained growth of chromatography data systems. These factors collectively reinforced North America’s dominant position in the global chromatography data systems market.

    The Asia Pacific region is expected to experience the highest CAGR during the forecast period

    Asia Pacific is expected to grow with the fastest CAGR owing to several factors. India, in particular, is anticipated to register the highest growth, driven by increased investment in pharmaceutical research and development, high regulatory requirements for drug quality, and a focus on advanced diagnostics. The Indian government’s initiatives, such as the Pharma Vision 2047 and the Pharma and MedTech sector scheme launched in September 2023 with a funding of US$ 61 million (INR 5,000 crore), aim to strengthen research and development activities in the pharmaceutical and medical technology sectors.

    Under this scheme, funding of more than US$ 13.41 million (INR 1,100 crore) will be provided to nine pharmaceutical companies to undertake research work. These efforts are expected to enhance the adoption of chromatography data systems in the region, supporting the growing demand for analytical solutions in drug development and quality control processes. With the rising need for efficient data management and compliance with international standards, the Asia Pacific chromatography data systems market is poised for robust growth in the coming years.

    Chromatography Data Systems Market Regions

    Key Regions and Countries

    • North America
      • US
      • Canada
    • Europe
      • Germany
      • France
      • The UK
      • Spain
      • Italy
      • Russia
      • Netherland
      • Rest of Europe
    • Asia Pacific
      • China
      • Japan
      • South Korea
      • India
      • Australia
      • New Zealand
      • Singapore
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
      • Rest of APAC
    • Latin America
      • Brazil
      • Mexico
      • Rest of Latin America
    • Middle East & Africa
      • South Africa
      • Saudi Arabia
      • UAE
      • Rest of MEA

    Key Players Analysis

    Key players in the chromatography data systems market drive growth by focusing on technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and expanding their global presence. They invest in developing integrated software solutions that enhance data analysis capabilities and improve laboratory efficiency.

    Collaborations with academic institutions and research organizations enable these companies to stay at the forefront of innovation and meet the evolving needs of the scientific community. Additionally, they emphasize customer support and training services to ensure the effective implementation and utilization of their products. These strategies collectively contribute to strengthening their market position and fostering long-term growth.

    Agilent Technologies Inc., a prominent player in this sector, offers a comprehensive suite of chromatography data systems, including the OpenLAB CDS and ChemStation platforms. Founded in 1999 and headquartered in Santa Clara, California, Agilent specializes in analytical instruments, software, and services for laboratories worldwide.

    The company serves various industries, including pharmaceuticals, environmental testing, and food safety, providing solutions that streamline workflows and ensure regulatory compliance. Agilent’s commitment to innovation and quality has positioned it as a trusted partner in the chromatography data systems market.

    Top Key Players in the Chromatography Data Systems Market

    • Waters Corporation
    • Thermo Fisher Scientific
    • Shimadzu Corporation
    • Restek Corporation
    • KNAUER
    • DataApex
    • Cytiva
    • Bruker Corporation

    Recent Developments

    • In April 2024: Waters Corporation launched the Alliance iS Bio HPLC System, a high-performance liquid chromatography solution tailored for biopharmaceutical quality control environments. According to industry observers, the system is engineered to enhance operational efficiency while significantly reducing manual errors—by up to 40%—through the integration of advanced bio-separation technology and intelligent automation features.
    • In February 2024: Thermo Fisher Scientific introduced the Dionex Inuvion Ion Chromatography (IC) system, described by laboratory specialists as a flexible and intuitive platform ideal for analyzing small and ionic polar compounds. The system is noted for its user-friendly design and comprehensive capabilities, making it suitable for a wide range of ion analysis applications.

    Report Scope

    Report Features Description
    Market Value (2024) US$ 3.7 billion
    Forecast Revenue (2034) US$ 5.8 billion
    CAGR (2025-2034) 4.6%
    Base Year for Estimation 2024
    Historic Period 2020-2023
    Forecast Period 2025-2034
    Report Coverage Revenue Forecast, Market Dynamics, COVID-19 Impact, Competitive Landscape, Recent Developments
    Segments Covered By Product Type (Hardware, Software, and Services), By Technology (On-Premise, Cloud-Based, and Hybrid), By Application (Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Research, Academic Research, and Others), By End-user (Pharmaceutical Companies, Academic Institutions, Research Laboratories, and Contract Research Organizations)
    Regional Analysis North America – US, Canada; Europe – Germany, France, The UK, Spain, Italy, Russia, Netherlands, Rest of Europe; Asia Pacific – China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Rest of APAC; Latin America – Brazil, Mexico, Rest of Latin America; Middle East & Africa – South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of MEA
    Competitive Landscape Waters Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shimadzu Corporation, Restek Corporation, KNAUER, DataApex, Cytiva, Bruker Corporation.
    Customization Scope Customization for segments, region/country-level will be provided. Moreover, additional customization can be done based on the requirements.
    Purchase Options We have three licenses to opt for: Single User License, Multi-User License (Up to 5 Users), Corporate Use License (Unlimited User and Printable PDF)
    Chromatography Data Systems Market
    Chromatography Data Systems Market
    Published date: June 2025
    add_shopping_cartBuy Now get_appDownload Sample
    keyboard_arrow_up
    • Waters Corporation
    • Thermo Fisher Scientific Company Profile
    • Shimadzu Corporation
    • Restek Corporation
    • KNAUER
    • DataApex
    • Cytiva
    • Bruker Corporation
  • settingsSettings

Related Reports

  • Structural Electronics Market
  • Asia-Pacific Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Market
  • Packaging Labels Market
  • Induction Furnace Market
  • Autonomous Ships Market
  • Target Drone Market

Our Clients

  • Our Clients
Inquiry Before Buying

Chromatography Data Systems Market
  • 150419
  • June 2025
    • ★★★★★
      ★★★★★
    • (142)
add_shopping_cart Buy Now
Trusted by more than 17382 organizations globally
  • Client Logo
  • Client Logo
  • Client Logo
✖
Request a Sample Report
We'll get back to you as quickly as possible

Single User
$6,000
$3,999
USD / per unit
save 24%
Multi User
$8,000
$5,999
USD / per unit
save 28%
Corporate User
$10,000
$6,999
USD / per unit
save 32%
e-Access
Report Library Access
Data Set (Excel)
Print
Company Profile Library Access
Interactive Dashboard
Free Custumization No up to 10 hrs work up to 30 hrs work
Accessibility 1 User 2-5 User Unlimited
Analyst Support up to 20 hrs up to 40 hrs up to 50 hrs
Benefit Up to 20% off on next purchase Up to 25% off on next purchase Up to 30% off on next purchase
Buy Now ($ 3,999) Buy Now ($ 5,999) Buy Now ($ 6,999)
  • location_on420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 300 New York City, NY 10170,
    United States
  • phone+1 718 874 1545 (International)
  • phone+91 78878 22626 (Asia)
  • email[email protected]
  • Facebook Logo
  • Twitter Logo
  • LinkedIn Logo
Find Help
  • Contact Us
  • How to Order
Legal
  • Privacy Policy
  • Refund Policy
  • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Terms and Conditions
Explore
  • About Us
  • All Reports
  • All Sectors
  • Infographics
  • Statistics and Facts
  • Companies
Secured Payment Options
Secured Payment Options

© 2025 Market.Us. All Rights Reserved.